◆Irregular Workers (fixed-term employment, part-time)
・Direct Hire (part-timer, arveit, freeter(job-hopping part-timer), contract employee, just-in-time employee, day worker)
・Indirect Hire (dispatched workers[regular employees, registered employees])
◆Other Workers (e.g. contract-based workers)
■Some Boundary Cases
◆Full-time Part-timer (Part-timer who works for almost the same time as regular staff)
◆Indirect Hire Disguised as Contract Agreement
◆Disguised Employment (Actual employment of individual indirect hire disguised as contract agreement)
◆Temp to Perm (Overlap of labor dispatch and employment placement)
◆On-call Workers (Overlap of labor dispatch, outsourcing and employment placement/temporary day labor services or spot labor services)
■History of Irregular Workers after WWII
(1) Establishment of the Principle of Direct Hire in Postwar Revolution, Prohibition of Labor Supply Businesses and Enlargement of its Exceptions:
"Prohibition of labor supply businesses" (Article 44 of Employment Security Law)
(2) Introduction of the Subcontract System (mainly in the shipbuilding industry & iron and steel industry)
(3) Introduction of the Temporary Workers System (by Toyota Motor Co., LTD. in 1956) (mainly in the automobile industry & electronics industry)
(4) Labor supply by such persons as labor sharks at yoseba and camp (mainly in the construction industry & harbor transport business
(5) Part-timer (of homemaker): The women's labor participation rate had been up from 1975 through 1992. (mainly in the manufacturing industry in 1960s/in the service industry after oil shock)
(6) Freeter(job-hopping part-timer) (young people who work as part-timer): The number of freeter increased in 1980s as a result of popularity of the service industry such as the chain restaurant industry.
◆MIZUKI Shodo September 20, 2010 Homeless Doctor of Philosophy, Kobunsha, 214p. ISBN-10: 4334035825 ISBN-13: 978-4334035822 777yen [amazon]/[kinokuniya]
◆MIYAMOTO Taro November 21, 2009 Life Security: Toward the Society that Does not Eliminate, Iwanami Shoten, 234p. ISBN-10: 4004312167 ISBN-13: 978-4004312161 840yen [amazon]/[kinokuniya]
◆MIZUKI Shodo September 10, 2009 Academia Survival, Chuo Koron Shinsha, 248p. ISBN-10: 4121503295 ISBN-13: 978-4121503299 [amazon]/[kinokuniya] (Japanese)
◆MIZUKI Shodo October 20, 2007 The Highly-educated Working Poor, Kobunsha, 217p. ISBN-10: 4334034233 ISBN-13: 978-4334034238 [amazon]/[kinokuniya] (Japanese)
