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>HOME Japanese Page ■WHO ◆HASHIGUCHI Shoji ◆MIZUKI Shodo ■Workers in Japan ◆Regular Staff (direct hire, permanent, full-time) ◆Irregular Workers (fixed-term employment, part-time) ・Direct Hire (part-timer, arveit, freeter(job-hopping part-timer), contract employee, just-in-time employee, day worker) ・Indirect Hire (dispatched workers[regular employees, registered employees]) ◆Other Workers (e.g. contract-based workers) ■Some Boundary Cases ◆Full-time Part-timer (Part-timer who works for almost the same time as regular staff) ◆Indirect Hire Disguised as Contract Agreement ◆Disguised Employment (Actual employment of individual indirect hire disguised as contract agreement) ◆Temp to Perm (Overlap of labor dispatch and employment placement) ◆On-call Workers (Overlap of labor dispatch, outsourcing and employment placement/temporary day labor services or spot labor services) ■History of Irregular Workers after WWII (1) Establishment of the Principle of Direct Hire in Postwar Revolution, Prohibition of Labor Supply Businesses and Enlargement of its Exceptions: "Prohibition of labor supply businesses" (Article 44 of Employment Security Law) (2) Introduction of the Subcontract System (mainly in the shipbuilding industry & iron and steel industry) (3) Introduction of the Temporary Workers System (by Toyota Motor Co., LTD. in 1956) (mainly in the automobile industry & electronics industry) (4) Labor supply by such persons as labor sharks at yoseba and camp (mainly in the construction industry & harbor transport business (5) Part-timer (of homemaker): The women's labor participation rate had been up from 1975 through 1992. (mainly in the manufacturing industry in 1960s/in the service industry after oil shock) (6) Freeter(job-hopping part-timer) (young people who work as part-timer): The number of freeter increased in 1980s as a result of popularity of the service industry such as the chain restaurant industry. (7) Dispatched Workers (Penetration of MANPOWER JAPAN Co.,Ltd. (http://www.manpower.co.jp/company/english/index.html) in 1960s. The Worker Dispatch Law came into effect in 1986.) (8) Outsourcing (indirect hire disguised as contract agreement) (9) Temporary Day Labor Services (Revision of the Worker Dispatch Law in 1999) ■Papers etc. ◆MIZUKI Shodo September 18, 2009 "Let's Introduce Future-Oriented Education and University Business Instead of Maintaining the Status Quo where Part-Time Lecturers Are Suffering from Cost Reduction", The Mainichi Shimbun Morning Edition:22 ■Workshops etc. ◆March 9, 2009 "Discussion on How People with a Doctorate should Live", Ritsumeikan University ■Theme-related Links ◆Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare July, 2009 "Employment Measures in Post-Financial Crisis Japan" http://www.mhlw.go.jp/za/0728/d04/d04-02.pdf (English) http://www.mhlw.go.jp/za/0728/d04/d04-01.pdf (Japanese) ◆Annual Health, Labour and Welfare Report 2007-2008 http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/wp/wp-hw2/index.html ◆Annual Reports on Health and Welfare 1998-1999 Social Security and National Life http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/wp/wp-hw/index.html ◇Poverty ◇Public Assistance ◆White Paper on the Labour Economy Total Contents http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/wp/l-economy/index.html ■Literature in Japanese ◆HASHIGUCHI Shoji, HIGE Akio & IDA Hiroyuki September 30, 2010 Full Equipment for Working: Beginning to Learn Employees’ Rights from the Age of Fifteen （『＜働く＞ときの完全装備――15歳から学ぶ労働者の権利』），Buraku Liberation Publishing House, 126p. ISBN-10: 4759267336 ISBN-13: 978-4759267334 1680 yen [amazon]／[kinokuniya]     ◆MIZUKI Shodo October 20, 2007 The Highly-educated Working Poor （『高学歴ワーキングプア――「フリーター生産工場」としての大学院』）, Kobunsha, 217p. ISBN-10: 4334034233 ISBN-13: 978-4334034238 [amazon]/[kinokuniya] (Japanese)  ■Newspaper Articles ◆August 21, 2010 "Pension reform urgently needed" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20100821a2.html ◆July 7, 2010 "Probe urged over 27 trainee deaths in '09" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100707a5.html ◆June 25, 2010 "Rampage by an irregular worker" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20100625a2.html ◆February 3, 2010 "Critical labor negotiations" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20100203a1.html ◆January 15, 2010 "Population decline worsening" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20100115a2.html ◆September 15, 2009 "Rescuing the unemployed" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090915a1.html ◆July 30, 2009 "Worker excess worrisome" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090730a1.html ◆June 18, 2009 "Plans for a sustainable society" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090618a1.html ◆June 6, 2009 "Raising the birthrate" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090606a2.html ◆March 12, 2009 "Suicide crisis continues" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090312a2.html ◆February 15, 2009 "24,000 new jobs find few takers" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20090215a5.html ◆February 10, 2009 "Seizing opportunites to expand" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090210a2.html ◆February 3, 2009 "For a stronger safety net" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090203a2.html ◆January 16, 2009 "Battle over work begins" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090116a1.html ◆January 1, 2009 "Gingerly start to the new year" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090101a1.html ◆October 17, 2008 "Temps: Product of a broken labor system" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20081017f1.html ◆October 6, 2008 "Lawyers decry expansion of poverty, seek remedy" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20081006a7.html ◆September 3, 2008 "Short-term economic fix" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20080903a2.html ◆September 3, 2008 "Short-term economic fix" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20080903a2.html ◆August 27, 2008 "Steps eyed for temps' plight" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080827f1.html ◆August 9, 2008 "Tightening the social safety net" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20080809a1.html ◆July 30, 2008 "Social plan to support doctors, the elderly" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080730a5.html ◆July 7, 2008 "Work traditions worth keeping" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/eo20080707ts.html ◆June 24, 2008 "Negligible rise in fertility rate" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20080624a1.html ◆May 12, 2008 "G8 talks seek to link environment, labor" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080512a1.html ◆February 21, 2008 "Improving the day laborer's lot" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20080221a2.html ◆January 31, 2008 "Gaps amid higher employment" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20080131a1.html ◆January 11, 2008 "Confidence to have children" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20080111a2.html ◆September 24, 2007 "Incoming prime minister's guide to closing 'winners-losers' gap" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20070924jp.html ◆August 20, 2007 "Downturn in economic recovery" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20070820a1.html ◆February 1, 2007 "2006 saw average wage fall by 0.6%" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20070201a2.html ◆January 5, 2007 "Solidarity to reproduce" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20070105a1.html ◆September 13, 2006 "Next prime minister must find a NEET solution" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20060913f2.html ◆August 28, 2006 "Strictures of job flexibility" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20060828a1.html ◆April 14, 2006 "Wage gap getting wider" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20060414a2.html ◆April 4, 2006 "A divide over the income gap" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20060404a1.html ◆January 3, 2006 "LDP landslide buries two-party system" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/eo20060103a2.html ◆November 13, 2005 "The freedom myth of freelancing" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fb20051113a1.html ◆May 20, 2005 "A cautiously optimistic view" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20050520a1.html ◆February 13, 2005 "Little progress on Japanese gender equality" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20050213pb.html ◆February 28, 2004 "Give 'irregular' workers a fair shake" (The Japan Times) http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20040228a1.html UP:August 24, 2009 REV:October 1, 2009/October 21, 2009/October 30, 2009/November 4, 2010/November 9, 2010 Preparer:KATAOKA Minoru |