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『アカデミックライティング入門――英語論文作成法』

吉田(磯貝) 友子 19981105 慶應義塾大学出版会,182p.

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■吉田(磯貝) 友子 19981105 『アカデミックライティング入門――英語論文作成法』,慶應義塾大学出版会,182p. ISBN-10:4766407199 ISBN-13:978-4766407198 \2100 [amazon][kinokuniya]  ※

■内容

内容紹介
大学生、社会人が初めて英語でレポート、論文を書こうとする際の最適の手引き。リーディング、エクササイズ等をこなしながら、自然に論文作成力がつく。日本人の犯しやすい間違いも例示。卒論準備に必携。

内容(「BOOK」データベースより)
本書は、日本人学習者が、英語で論文が書けるよう導くことを目的としている。特に、ある程度英語の文章を書くことはできるが、論文を書いたことはない、また書いたことはあるがどうも思うように書けなかった、という人を対象にしている。

■目次

PartI. Introduction
1 Overview:総論

PartII. Planning & Researching
2 Initial Planning:初めに考えること
3 Planning & Organizing:論文の構成を考える
4 Researching:研究する

PartIII. Writing the Research Paper
5 Writing the Research Paper:Introduction, Body & Conclusion 論文の三要素
6 Completing the Research Paper:論文を完成させるために

■引用

◆To write a "good paper" in English, one must first understand the definition, components and purposes of a "research paper."[1998:15]

◆According to Roberts (1985) a research paper is a "formal essay in which the author seeks to prove a thesis partly by providing evidence gathered from outside sources" (p.178)....Although it is important to find enough materials to support the thesis, the paper should not simply be a random collection of other people's ideas. The main purpose of a research paper is to present an original thesis and to prove it through logical argument using concrete support obtained from reliable sources.[1998:15-16]

◆To accomplish the above, Langan (1985) emphasizes the importance of the following four points: "to advance a single point (thesis) and stick to that point, to support the point with specific evidence, to organize and connect the specific evidence, and to write clear, error-free sentences" (p.63)...The main idea is usually expressed at the beginning as thesis statement. The rest of the paper is then organized to logically support the statement...rhetoric and logic tend to be influenced by culture...Remember that academics reading papers generally skim through and expect them to follow a predicatble pattern. They do not expect to be amused or informed about anything other than the thesis being proposed...Evidnce can be obtained from various sources including books, journals, magazines, and interviews. Going through the published literature to locate relevant material is called a literature review. This helps you to understand the topic you are writing about better. Citing a variety of sources, particularly recent ones, also indicates to the reader that you are well-informed on the subject and that your conclusions can be trusted. When choosing which materials to use, two things should be considered. One is whether the information is relevant in supporting the thesis statement. The other is whether the information is from a reliable source. Remember just because something has been published does not guarantee its reliability...Once the literature review has been completed, one must decide how to organize the paper to support the thesis statement in a "logical" manner. Oshima & Hogue (1991) propose four useful patterns in organizing essays, namely: chronological order, logical division, cause & effect, and comparison & contrast...Although writing "error-free" sentences may seem unrealistic, it is fairly easy to avoid simple and glaring mistakes. Before turning in your paper, always proofread it at least twice. Once to check the flow of the whole paper to make sure that the arguments are clear and logically organized. A second time to check for spelling and grammar mistakes...a closer look at your paper will most likely reveal many simple mistakes such as incorrect verb forms, faulty agreement, or mistakes in the use of pronouns. [1998:16-19]

◆Thus, when deciding on your topic, ask yourself the following questions.
1. Is this topic specific enough for me to cover within the given amount of space?
2. What aspect of this topic interests me the most?
3. What aspect of this topic am I knowledgeable about?
Narrowing down a topic not only gives a clear direction to a paper, but also ensures sufficient coverage of the topic within the assigned amount of space. [1998:29]

◆トピックを絞り、brainstormingをした結果、だいたい何について書くか決まったら、thesis statementを考えよう。Thesis statement(命題)とは論文の方向性を表わすsentenceのことである。そこでは…はっきりとした意見、論証の目的または方向性を示すことが大切である…そして、論文ではそのthesis statementを検証することを目的とするので、なるべくその目的からそれずに、論文を書きながら繰り返しthesis statementを頭に思いうかべるとよい。/Thesis statementを作成する際には、幾つかの方向性を持つのではなく、1つの限られた方向性を持つことが大事である。また、書こうとする論文の長さ等を考えながら限られた分量で検証できそうなthesis statementにすることも肝心である。Thesis statementをどこに置くかは人それぞれであるが、多くの場合、introductionの最後の方に書かれている。[1998:46]

◆By making an outline, the writer puts on paper a "sketch" of the main points and ideas and can then look at the whole picture to decide what, if any, changes are necessary....Once the outline is made, the writer should have a general idea of what the final paper will be like. Here, the following questions should be asked. Is the main point clear? Are the supporting arguments, data or examples convincing? Can everything be covered within the available amount of space? Is there anything that should be included or omitted?/The main advantage to making an outline is that one can examine the paper as a whole to see whether the arguments are clear and logical before actally writing it. Since adjustments can be made before time and effort has been put into shaping the ideas into coherent sentences and paragraphs, outlines can help writers make effective use of their time.[1998:60-61]

◆A literature review serves two main purposes. First of all, it will reveal to you how much, if any, research has already been done on the subject matter of your interest...Secondly, it will provide you with concrete evidence to support your thesis.[1998:71]

◆Ideally, a literature review is conducted until there is no more to be found. Realistically, however, the amount of time as well as the limited availability of resources will inevitably limit your research./What you have found through your literature review should be valuable not only for the research paper you are working on but for future papers as well. For that reason, it is important to keep photocopies of documents and to file them in an orderly fashion....A comprehensive literature review will not only provide you with sufficient background information on your topic but will also give you concrete evidence to use in supporting your thesis statement.[1998:73-74]

◆The amount as well as quality of outside resources one sites reflects upon one's skill as a researcher. Locating many relevant outside sources, therefore, is one of the keys to writing a good paper. When citing those sources, however, one must be especially careful to represent the authors accurately. If authors are not given proper credit for your work you are not only violating basic academic ethics but risk being sued for plagiarism. [1998:76]

◆A quote should only be used when the particular wording in the original adds special siginificance to your writing. Otherwise, too many quotes can make your writing seem fragmented./For the most part, when citing outside sources, paraphrasing or summarizing is used. Paraphrasing means restating something in your own words so that it fits in better with the rest of your writing. Summarizing is used when condensing a large amount of material. When paraphrasing or summarizing, one must be extremely careful not to change the content of the original. [1998:77]

Introductionの4つの要素
(i) 読み手の興味を引くもの。
        ↓
(ii) 論文の意図や重要性を示すのに効果的と思われる背景等の説明。
[同じ文章で (i) と (ii) 両方をカバーする場合もある。]
        ↓
(iii) Thesis statementとして表わす論文の趣旨。Thesis statementはintroductionの最後につける人が多い。
        ↓
(iv) 論文の構成の説明。
[同じ文章で(iii)と(iv)両方を含んでいる場合もある。] [1998:110]

Conclusionの2つの要素
(i) 要点のまとめと、introductionで紹介したthesisの再度の強調。
        ↓
(ii) 読み手を考えさせる質問、これから検討すべきことや調査すべき点や著者の研究の結果、 今後の展望、アドバイス等。
[同じ文章で(i)と(ii)両方を含む場合もある。] [1998:125]

◆Resumeを書く際に次の点を心がけておくとよい。
1.Resumeは手書きではなく、必ずコンピューターなどで打ったものを使う。
2.無難さを好む日本の会社とは違い、アメリカの会社は個性を求めているので、例えば履歴書を白い紙ではなく、ちょっとしゃれた色紙や和紙などに印刷する人も多い。
3.幾つかの会社を受ける場合は、Objectiveの欄を応募するpositionに合わせて変えていく。
4.Objectiveの部分や今までの仕事内容の解説では、なるべく動詞でsentenceを始めることによって活動的なイメージを作りあげることが肝心である。
5.大学を卒業して何年もたっている場合はEducationの欄を履歴書の一番最後に持っていった方がよい。
6.仕事の経験があまりない場合、アルバイトやボランティア、そして子育てなどから得たスキル等をRelated Employment and Experienceの欄にいれるとよい。
7.Resumeを会社に送る場合…cover letterをつけて送る。 [1998:138]

◆訂正や変更は後から幾らでもできるのだから、とりあえず書いている間はあまり読み返さず、ひたすら書くことが肝心である。 [1998:146]

◆印刷されたものを初めから最後まで読み、変更したい部分をペン等で記入していく。一通りproofingができたら訂正をコンピューターに打ち込み、印刷する。そこでまたproofingしrevisingを行う。何度かそれを繰り返した時点でその原稿を友人等に読んでもらい、わかりにくい部分等を指摘してもらう。他人に読んでもらうことによって、新たな視点から見ることができ、大変参考になる。 [1998:147]

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