Human Capital Third Edition
Becker, Gary 199401 University of Chicago Press, 412p.
■Becker, Gary 199401 Human Capital Third Edition, University of Chicago Press, 412p. ISBN-10: 0226041204 ISBN-13: 9780226041209 \2025 [amazon]/[kinokuniya]
■内容
内容説明
"Human Capital" is Becker's study of how investment in an individual's education and training is similar to business investments in equipment. Becker looks at the effects of investment in education on earnings and employment, and shows how his theory measures the incentive for such investment, as well as the costs and returns from college and high school education. Another part of the study explores the relation between age and earnings. This edition includes four new chapters, covering recent ideas about human capital, fertility and economic growth, the division of labour, economic considerations within the family, and inequality in earnings.
■目次
List of Tables
List of Charts
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the First Edition
I. Introduction to the Second Edition
Introduction to the First Edition
II. Human Capital Revisited
1. Introduction
2. Education and Training
3. Human Capital and the Family
4. Human Capital and Economic Development
5. Conclusions
6. References
Part One: Theoretical Analysis
III. Investment in Human Capital Effects on Earnings (Page 29)
1. On-the-Job Training
General Training
Specific Training
2. Schooling
3. Other Knowledge
4. Productive Wage Increases
IV. Investment in Human Capital : Rates on Return
1. Relation between Earnings, Costs and Rates of Return
Addendum: The Allocation of Time and Goods over Time
2. The Incentive to Invest
Number of Periods
Wage Differentials and Secular Changes
Risk and Liquidity
Capital Markets and Knowledge
3. Some Effects of Human Capital
Examples
Ability and the Discrimination of Earnings
Addendum: Education and the Discrimination of Earnings: A Statistical Formulation
Addendum: Human Capital and the Personal Discrimination of Income: An Analytical Approach
Supplement: Estimating the Effect of Family Background on Earnings
Part Two: Empirical Analysis
V. Rates on Return from College Education
1. Money Rates of Return to White Male College
Returns in 1959
Costs in 1939
Rates of Return in 1939
Rates of Return in 1949
2. Some Conceptural Difficulties
Correlation between "Ability" and Education
Correlation between Education and Other Human Capital
3. Rates of Return to Other College Persons
College Dropouts
Nonwhites
Women
Rural Persons
4. Variation in Rates of Return
VI. Underinvestment in College Education?
1. Private Money Gains
2. Social Productivity Gains
3. Private Real Rates
VII. Rates of Return from High School Education and Trends over Time
1. The Rate of Return from High School Education
2. Trends in Rates of Return
VIII. Age, Earnings, Wealth and Human Capital
1. Age-Earnings Profiles
2. Age-Wealth Profiles
IX. Summary and Conclusions
1. Summary
2. Future Research
3. Concluding Comments
Part Three: Economic-Wide Changes
Introduction
X. Human Capital and the Rise and Fall or Families, by Gary S. Becker and Nigel Tones
1. Introduction
2. Earnings and Human Capital
Perfect Capital Markets
Imperfect Access to Capital
3. Assets and Consumption
4. Fertility and Marriage
5. Empirical Studies
6. Summary and Discussion
References
XI. The Division of Labor, Coordination Costs and Knowledge, by Gary S. Becker and Kevin M. Murphy
1. Introduction
2. Division of Labor among Tasks
3. Coordination Costs
4. Knowledge and Specialization
5. Extent of the Market
6. The Growth in Specialization and Knowledge
7. The Division of Labor between Sectors: Teachers and Workers
8. Summary
Appendix
References
XII. Human Capital, Fertility and Economic Growth, by Gary S. Becker, Kevin M. Murphy and Robert Tamura
1. Introduction
2. Basic Properties of the Model
3. Fertility and Growth
4. Comparative Advantage in the Production of Human Capital
5. Discussion
6. Concluding Remarks
References
Appendix
A. Sources and Methods
1. Incomes
a. The Basic Data
b. Under- and Overreporting
c. Unemployment
d. Coverage in 1939
e. Taxes
f. Urban-Rural Distribution
g. Hours of Work
2. Costs
a. Earnings of Students
b. Direct Private Costs
c. Direct Social Costs
B. Mathematical Discussion of Relation Between Age, Earnings and Wealth
Author Index
Subject Index
Tables
1. Results of Regressing Natural Log of Earnings on Education for 1959 Earnings of White Males Aged 25 to 64 in the South and Non-South
2. Actual Earning Differentials between Urban, Native White, Male College and High School Graduates in 1939 at Various Ages
3. Alternative Estimates of Rates of Return to 1939 Cohort of Native White Male College Graduates
4. Earning Differencials between White Male College and High School Graduates in 1949 at Various Ages
5. Several Measures of Ability at Different Educational Levels
6. Median Salaries of Illinois, Minnesota and Rochester Men, by Rank in High School Graduating Class and by Intelligence Test Score
7. Average and Marginal Market Discrimination against Nonwhites for Various Age and Education Classes, by Region, 1939
8. Family Incomes of Married Men and Women in 1960, by Education and Years after First Job
9. Coefficients of Variation in After-Tax Income of White Males, by Age and Years of Education
10. Coefficients of Variation in Morality and Cohort Incomes for College and High School Graduates, by Age, 1939 and 1949
11. Coefficients of Variation in the Returns to College Graduates, by Age, 1939 and 1949
12. Investment in College Education Relative to Physical Capital for Selected Years
13. Average I.Q. at Several Education Levels
14. Investment in High School Education, College Education and Physical Capital, 1900-1956
15. Private Rates of Return from College and High School Education for Selected Years since 1939
16. Percentage of Population with High School and College Education in 1940, 1950 and 1957
17. Income Differentials between College and High School Graduates at Various Ages and for Scattered Years since 1904
18. Income Differentials between High School and Elementary School Graduates at Various Ages and for Scattered Years since 1900 in Current and 1958 Dollars
19. Net After-Tax Incomes of White Males in 1939 and 1949, by Age and Years of Education
20. Estimated Incomes of Cohorts at Different Education Levels
21. Annual Rates of Income Change between Successive Age Classes for 1939 Cohorts at Different Educational Levels
22. Regressions of Son's Income or Earnings on Father's Income or Earnings in Linear, Semilong and Log-linear Form
23. Regressions of Son's Wealth on Father's and Grandfather's Wealth
A-1. Open-End Means Used in Calculating 1949 Incomes
A-2. Three Estimates of Before-Tax Income Differentials between Education Classes in 1949
A-3. Fraction of White Males Reporting No Income in 1949, by Age and Education Class
A-4. Comparison of Incomes Reported by Census and Commerce for 1946 and 1954
A-5. Adjustment for Unemployment in 1939, by Education Class
A-6. Average Earnings of Census College Graduates and Independent Doctors, Dentists and Lawyers in 1939
A-7. Fraction of Native Whites and Urban Whites Included in 1939 Data, by Age and Education
A-8. Distribution of Persons of Different Educational Levels, by Size of Place of Residence, 1939
A-9. Average Hours Worked in 1939, by Educational Level
A-10. Alternative Estimates of Fraction of Earnings of High School Graduates of Same Age Received by College Students
A-11. Alternative Estimates of Earnings of Persons Aged 14-17 with Eight Years of Schooling, 1949
A-12. Alternative Estimates of Fraction of Earnings of Elementary School Graduates of the Same Age Received by High Students.
Charts
1. Relation of Earnings to Age
2. Relations between Age, Wage Rates and Commodity Consumption
3. Relations between Age, Wage Rates and Time Spent in Consumption
4. Supply and Demand Curves for Investment in Human Capital
5. Equilibrium Levels of Investment in Human Capital Resulting from Differences in "Opportunities"
6. Equilibrium Levels of Investment in Human Capital Resulting from Differences in "Abilities"
7. Equilibrium Levels of Investment in Human Capital Resulting from Differences in "Abilities" and "Opportunities"
8. The Effect of Background and Ability on Earnings and the Accumulation of Human Capital
9. The Effect of Compulsory Investment Law on the Amount Invested
10. "Time Series" Age-Earnings Profiles for Several Education Cohorts
11. Age-Wealth Profiles of 1939 Graduates
12. Rates of return on parental expenditures on children
13. Parental expenditures on children, with capital constraints
14. untitled
15. untitled
16. untitled
17. untitled
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*作成:樋口 也寸志